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      name:  <unnamed>
       log:  /Users/rt1287/Documents/REG_analysis_logg.log
  log type:  text
 opened on:   1 Feb 2024, 11:05:40

. 
. use "/Users/rt1287/Documents/REC_JPR_final.dta"

. 
. *For the former, of the minority of countries worldwide for which we identified no requirement for ethics 
> regulations, nearly half were found in the world's most conflict-affected or institutionally-fragile state
> s as of 2020 (see Tables III and IV). 

. tab rec if conflict==1|fragile==1 

   Does the |
    country |
       have |
evidence of |
 an ethical |
     review |
 framework? |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
          0 |         11       32.35       32.35
          1 |         23       67.65      100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
      Total |         34      100.00

. 
. tab rec

   Does the |
    country |
       have |
evidence of |
 an ethical |
     review |
 framework? |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
          0 |         23       11.86       11.86
          1 |        171       88.14      100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
      Total |        194      100.00

. 
. ***11/23=0.478

. 
. *As of 2020, we were unable to find evidence of national-level requirements for ethical review in 23 count
> ries (12%).

. tab rec,m

   Does the |
    country |
       have |
evidence of |
 an ethical |
     review |
 framework? |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
          0 |         23       11.68       11.68
          1 |        171       86.80       98.48
          . |          3        1.52      100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
      Total |        197      100.00

. 
. *Table I: Countries with No Evidence of Ethical Review Framework as of 2020

. tab country if rec==0

                    Country Name |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
             Antigua and Barbuda |          1        4.35        4.35
                         Bahamas |          1        4.35        8.70
                          Belize |          1        4.35       13.04
          Bosnia and Herzegovina |          1        4.35       17.39
                            Chad |          1        4.35       21.74
                         Comoros |          1        4.35       26.09
                        Djibouti |          1        4.35       30.43
                        Dominica |          1        4.35       34.78
  Federated States of Micronesia |          1        4.35       39.13
                            Iraq |          1        4.35       43.48
                        Kiribati |          1        4.35       47.83
                           Libya |          1        4.35       52.17
                Marshall Islands |          1        4.35       56.52
                           Nauru |          1        4.35       60.87
                     North Korea |          1        4.35       65.22
                         Somalia |          1        4.35       69.57
                           Syria |          1        4.35       73.91
           São Tomé and Príncipe |          1        4.35       78.26
                    Turkmenistan |          1        4.35       82.61
                          Tuvalu |          1        4.35       86.96
                         Vanuatu |          1        4.35       91.30
                    Vatican City |          1        4.35       95.65
                           Yemen |          1        4.35      100.00
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                           Total |         23      100.00

. 
. *Regions with the least ethical regulation include Oceania and the Caribbean (where we found no evidence o
> f ethical review requirements in 43% and 27% of countries, respectively). Following are the Middle East an
> d North Africa (20%), Africa (10%) and Asia (7%).

. tab region rec,m row

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

 Numerical |  Does the country have evidence
 value for | of an ethical review framework?
    region |         0          1          . |     Total
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
    Africa |         5         44          0 |        49 
           |     10.20      89.80       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
      Asia |         2         28          0 |        30 
           |      6.67      93.33       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
 C.America |         0          5          1 |         6 
           |      0.00      83.33      16.67 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
 Caribbean |         4         11          0 |        15 
           |     26.67      73.33       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
    Europe |         2         46          1 |        49 
           |      4.08      93.88       2.04 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
      MENA |         4         16          0 |        20 
           |     20.00      80.00       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
 N.America |         0          3          0 |         3 
           |      0.00     100.00       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
   Oceania |         6          7          1 |        14 
           |     42.86      50.00       7.14 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
 S.America |         0         11          0 |        11 
           |      0.00     100.00       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
     Total |        23        171          3 |       197 
           |     11.68      86.80       1.52 |    100.00 

. 
. *We find that national-level regulations focus predominately on biomedical research and clinical trials: o
> nly 21% (or 42 countries) extend regulation to the social sciences. However, for 12 countries that obligat
> ion is implicit (applying to all human subject research); for another 15 these obligations extend only to 
> health-related social research. We found only 15 countries (8%) worldwide that explicitly require the ethi
> cal regulation of social sciences research. 

. tab ss_review,m

Obligation for |
Ethical Review |
     in Social |
     Sciences? |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
---------------+-----------------------------------
            no |        125       63.45       63.45
      implicit |         12        6.09       69.54
      explicit |         15        7.61       77.16
health-related |         15        7.61       84.77
             . |         30       15.23      100.00
---------------+-----------------------------------
         Total |        197      100.00

. 
. *Table II: Countries with evidence of national-level ethics requirements for social sciences as of 2020

. tab country if ss_review==1

                    Country Name |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                       Australia |          1        8.33        8.33
                      Bangladesh |          1        8.33       16.67
                        Cambodia |          1        8.33       25.00
                            Laos |          1        8.33       33.33
                        Malaysia |          1        8.33       41.67
                        Maldives |          1        8.33       50.00
                      Mozambique |          1        8.33       58.33
                         Romania |          1        8.33       66.67
                    Saudi Arabia |          1        8.33       75.00
                          Sweden |          1        8.33       83.33
        United States of America |          1        8.33       91.67
                         Uruguay |          1        8.33      100.00
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                           Total |         12      100.00

. tab country if ss_review==2

                    Country Name |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                        Botswana |          1        6.67        6.67
                          Brazil |          1        6.67       13.33
                         Burundi |          1        6.67       20.00
                          Canada |          1        6.67       26.67
                           China |          1        6.67       33.33
Democratic Republic of the Congo |          1        6.67       40.00
                         Estonia |          1        6.67       46.67
                         Finland |          1        6.67       53.33
                           Haiti |          1        6.67       60.00
                         Lebanon |          1        6.67       66.67
                         Liberia |          1        6.67       73.33
                          Malawi |          1        6.67       80.00
                     Netherlands |          1        6.67       86.67
                          Uganda |          1        6.67       93.33
                  United Kingdom |          1        6.67      100.00
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                           Total |         15      100.00

. tab country if ss_review==3

                    Country Name |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                       Argentina |          1        6.67        6.67
                         Ecuador |          1        6.67       13.33
                     El Salvador |          1        6.67       20.00
            Eswatini (Swaziland) |          1        6.67       26.67
                        Ethiopia |          1        6.67       33.33
                           Ghana |          1        6.67       40.00
                           India |          1        6.67       46.67
                           Nepal |          1        6.67       53.33
                            Oman |          1        6.67       60.00
                     Philippines |          1        6.67       66.67
                         Senegal |          1        6.67       73.33
                       Singapore |          1        6.67       80.00
                    South Africa |          1        6.67       86.67
                        Thailand |          1        6.67       93.33
                         Vietnam |          1        6.67      100.00
---------------------------------+-----------------------------------
                           Total |         15      100.00

. 
. 
. *For example, 31% of all countries that extend ethical review to the social sciences (13 out of 42) provid
> e guidelines that explicitly reference social sciences.  The rest either use the same guidelines as for bi
> omedical sciences (29% or 12 countries), or do not provide guidance at all (40% or 17 countries). 

. tab ss_guidelines ss_review,m row

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

Guidelines |
for Social |
  Sciences |   Obligation for Ethical Review in Social Sciences?
  Research |        no   implicit   explicit  health-re          . |     Total
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
        No |       121          7          4          6          0 |       138 
           |     87.68       5.07       2.90       4.35       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
  Implicit |         2          4          3          5          0 |        14 
           |     14.29      28.57      21.43      35.71       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
  Explicit |         1          1          8          4          0 |        14 
           |      7.14       7.14      57.14      28.57       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
         . |         1          0          0          0         30 |        31 
           |      3.23       0.00       0.00       0.00      96.77 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
     Total |       125         12         15         15         30 |       197 
           |     63.45       6.09       7.61       7.61      15.23 |    100.00 

. 
. *We identified only six countries worldwide that have social-science specific institutions at a national-l
> evel.

. tab ss_inst,m

   Structure of Ethical |
           Review in SS |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------------------+-----------------------------------
inst do not regulate SS |        124       62.94       62.94
               combined |         36       18.27       81.22
            independent |          6        3.05       84.26
                      . |         31       15.74      100.00
------------------------+-----------------------------------
                  Total |        197      100.00

. 
. *WWe created a scalar variable to capture the lowest to highest expectations for review, finding a fairly 
> even distribution in which 27% of countries regulate the social sciences implicitly (lowest level); 33% re
> gulate health-related social science research; 18% explicitly regulate the social sciences, and the remain
> ing 22% provide guidelines or institutions tailored to the social sciences (highest level)

. tab ss,m

     0=only |
  regulates |
   clinical |
trials/biom |
    edical; |
1=may apply |
  to social |
   sciences |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
          0 |        122       61.93       61.93
          1 |         45       22.84       84.77
          . |         30       15.23      100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
      Total |        197      100.00

. 
. tab ss_scale,m

       Scalar variable for |
national-level RECs review |
of social science research |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
---------------------------+-----------------------------------
                      none |        121       61.42       61.42
                  implicit |         12        6.09       67.51
            health-related |         15        7.61       75.13
                  explicit |          8        4.06       79.19
guidelines or institutions |         10        5.08       84.26
                         . |         31       15.74      100.00
---------------------------+-----------------------------------
                     Total |        197      100.00

. 
. *Nearly 70% of countries for which we have data have quasi-centralized or centralized structures (48% and 
> 22% respectively). In comparison, only 30% of countries have mixed (11%), quasi-decentralized (14%), or de
> centralized (5%) structures. 

. tab centralization

     Scalar var for |
          degree of |
  centralization of |
 the ethical review |
          structure |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
--------------------+-----------------------------------
        Centralized |         31       21.99       21.99
  Quasi-Centralized |         67       47.52       69.50
              Mixed |         16       11.35       80.85
Quasi-Decentralized |         20       14.18       95.04
      Decentralized |          7        4.96      100.00
--------------------+-----------------------------------
              Total |        141      100.00

. 
. *Quasi-centralized and centralized structures are especially popular in Africa and the Caribbean, where th
> ey account for 92% and 88% of countries respectively.

. tab region centralization,row

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

 Numerical | Scalar var for degree of centralization of the ethical
 value for |                    review structure
    region | Centraliz  Quasi-Cen      Mixed  Quasi-Dec  Decentral |     Total
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
    Africa |        13         20          2          0          1 |        36 
           |     36.11      55.56       5.56       0.00       2.78 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
      Asia |         6         11          0          7          0 |        24 
           |     25.00      45.83       0.00      29.17       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
 C.America |         0          2          1          1          1 |         5 
           |      0.00      40.00      20.00      20.00      20.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
 Caribbean |         4          3          0          0          1 |         8 
           |     50.00      37.50       0.00       0.00      12.50 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
    Europe |         4         22          6          6          1 |        39 
           |     10.26      56.41      15.38      15.38       2.56 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
      MENA |         0          4          3          2          1 |        10 
           |      0.00      40.00      30.00      20.00      10.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
 N.America |         0          0          1          1          1 |         3 
           |      0.00       0.00      33.33      33.33      33.33 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
   Oceania |         3          2          0          1          1 |         7 
           |     42.86      28.57       0.00      14.29      14.29 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
 S.America |         1          3          3          2          0 |         9 
           |     11.11      33.33      33.33      22.22       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
     Total |        31         67         16         20          7 |       141 
           |     21.99      47.52      11.35      14.18       4.96 |    100.00 

. 
. *For countries with data, we find that 22% of countries (24 countries) have rules for foreign researchers.
>  

. tab foreigners

 Foreigners |
       must |
    observe |
   specific |
 rules when |
   applying |
for ethical |
     review |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
         no |         83       77.57       77.57
        yes |         24       22.43      100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
      Total |        107      100.00

. 
. *All countries that specify rules for foreigners are in the Global South, mainly in Africa (10), Oceania (
> 8), and Asia (4). 

. tab region foreigners,m

           | Foreigners must observe specific
 Numerical | rules when applying for ethical
 value for |              review
    region |        no        yes          . |     Total
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
    Africa |        12         10         27 |        49 
      Asia |        11          4         15 |        30 
 C.America |         4          1          1 |         6 
 Caribbean |         8          0          7 |        15 
    Europe |        31          0         18 |        49 
      MENA |         5          0         15 |        20 
 N.America |         3          0          0 |         3 
   Oceania |         3          8          3 |        14 
 S.America |         6          1          4 |        11 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
     Total |        83         24         90 |       197 

. 
. *Of the few countries with no evidence of ethics regulations, 48% were conflict-affected or institutionall
> y fragile per the World Bank's 2020 classifications (see Tables III and IV, World Bank, 2023: 4).  

. tab fragcon rec,m row

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

country is |
  conflict |
  affected |
or fragile |
    per WB |  Does the country have evidence
      2020 | of an ethical review framework?
    rating |         0          1          . |     Total
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
         0 |        12        149          3 |       164 
           |      7.32      90.85       1.83 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
         1 |        11         22          0 |        33 
           |     33.33      66.67       0.00 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
     Total |        23        171          3 |       197 
           |     11.68      86.80       1.52 |    100.00 

. 
. *Table III: High and Medium-Intensity Conflict (World Bank 2020 Classifications)

. tab country rec if conflict==1

                      | Does the country have
                      |    evidence of an
                      |    ethical review
                      |      framework?
         Country Name |         0          1 |     Total
----------------------+----------------------+----------
         Burkina Faso |         0          1 |         1 
              Burundi |         0          1 |         1 
             Cameroon |         0          1 |         1 
Central African Rep.. |         0          1 |         1 
Democratic Republic.. |         0          1 |         1 
                 Iraq |         1          0 |         1 
                Libya |         1          0 |         1 
                 Mali |         0          1 |         1 
                Niger |         0          1 |         1 
              Nigeria |         0          1 |         1 
              Somalia |         1          0 |         1 
          South Sudan |         0          1 |         1 
                Sudan |         0          1 |         1 
                Syria |         1          0 |         1 
                Yemen |         1          0 |         1 
----------------------+----------------------+----------
                Total |         5         10 |        15 

. tab country ss_review if conflict==1

                      |    Obligation for
                      |   Ethical Review in
                      |   Social Sciences?
         Country Name |        no   explicit |     Total
----------------------+----------------------+----------
         Burkina Faso |         1          0 |         1 
              Burundi |         0          1 |         1 
             Cameroon |         1          0 |         1 
Central African Rep.. |         1          0 |         1 
Democratic Republic.. |         0          1 |         1 
                 Mali |         1          0 |         1 
                Niger |         1          0 |         1 
              Nigeria |         1          0 |         1 
          South Sudan |         1          0 |         1 
                Sudan |         1          0 |         1 
----------------------+----------------------+----------
                Total |         8          2 |        10 

. 
. *Table IV: High Institutional and Social Fragility (World Bank 2020 Classifications)

. tab country rec if fragile==1

                      | Does the country have
                      |    evidence of an
                      |    ethical review
                      |      framework?
         Country Name |         0          1 |     Total
----------------------+----------------------+----------
              Burundi |         0          1 |         1 
                 Chad |         1          0 |         1 
              Comoros |         1          0 |         1 
              Eritrea |         0          1 |         1 
Federated States of.. |         1          0 |         1 
               Gambia |         0          1 |         1 
        Guinea-Bissau |         0          1 |         1 
                Haiti |         0          1 |         1 
             Kiribati |         1          0 |         1 
               Kosovo |         0          1 |         1 
              Lebanon |         0          1 |         1 
              Liberia |         0          1 |         1 
     Marshall Islands |         1          0 |         1 
              Myanmar |         0          1 |         1 
     Papua New Guinea |         0          1 |         1 
Republic of the Congo |         0          1 |         1 
          Timor-Leste |         0          1 |         1 
               Tuvalu |         1          0 |         1 
            Venezuela |         0          1 |         1 
             Zimbabwe |         0          1 |         1 
----------------------+----------------------+----------
                Total |         6         14 |        20 

. tab country ss_review if fragile==1

                      |    Obligation for
                      |   Ethical Review in
                      |   Social Sciences?
         Country Name |        no   explicit |     Total
----------------------+----------------------+----------
              Burundi |         0          1 |         1 
              Eritrea |         1          0 |         1 
               Gambia |         1          0 |         1 
        Guinea-Bissau |         1          0 |         1 
                Haiti |         0          1 |         1 
               Kosovo |         1          0 |         1 
              Lebanon |         0          1 |         1 
              Liberia |         0          1 |         1 
              Myanmar |         1          0 |         1 
     Papua New Guinea |         1          0 |         1 
Republic of the Congo |         1          0 |         1 
          Timor-Leste |         1          0 |         1 
            Venezuela |         1          0 |         1 
             Zimbabwe |         1          0 |         1 
----------------------+----------------------+----------
                Total |        10          4 |        14 

. 
. *REG also shows that conflict-affected and fragile countries are especially likely to be centralized, with
>  88% having either centralized or quasi centralized systems, compared to 67% of countries not classed as c
> onflict-affected or fragile.

. tab fragcon centralization, row

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

country is |
  conflict |
  affected |
or fragile |
    per WB | Scalar var for degree of centralization of the ethical
      2020 |                    review structure
    rating | Centraliz  Quasi-Cen      Mixed  Quasi-Dec  Decentral |     Total
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
         0 |        26         57         16         19          6 |       124 
           |     20.97      45.97      12.90      15.32       4.84 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
         1 |         5         10          0          1          1 |        17 
           |     29.41      58.82       0.00       5.88       5.88 |    100.00 
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
     Total |        31         67         16         20          7 |       141 
           |     21.99      47.52      11.35      14.18       4.96 |    100.00 

. 
. *Where we have data, conflict-affected countries allow for charging fees across the board (100%, or 8 coun
> tries).

. tab fragcon fees,m row

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

country is |
  conflict |
  affected |
or fragile |
    per WB |
      2020 |       Can REC charge fees?
    rating |        no        yes          . |     Total
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
         0 |        16         54         94 |       164 
           |      9.76      32.93      57.32 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
         1 |         0          8         25 |        33 
           |      0.00      24.24      75.76 |    100.00 
-----------+---------------------------------+----------
     Total |        16         62        119 |       197 
           |      8.12      31.47      60.41 |    100.00 

. 
. *Requirements for ethical review are now almost universal, present in at least 87% of countries. 

. tab rec,m

   Does the |
    country |
       have |
evidence of |
 an ethical |
     review |
 framework? |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
          0 |         23       11.68       11.68
          1 |        171       86.80       98.48
          . |          3        1.52      100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
      Total |        197      100.00

. 
. *REG also highlights the prominent role of national governments in ethical regulation, with central govern
> ments maintaining significant influence in nearly 70% of countries. 

. tab centralization

     Scalar var for |
          degree of |
  centralization of |
 the ethical review |
          structure |      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
--------------------+-----------------------------------
        Centralized |         31       21.99       21.99
  Quasi-Centralized |         67       47.52       69.50
              Mixed |         16       11.35       80.85
Quasi-Decentralized |         20       14.18       95.04
      Decentralized |          7        4.96      100.00
--------------------+-----------------------------------
              Total |        141      100.00

. 
. 
. 
